Peeling Nails: Possible Causes and Remedies

Fingernails and toenails can reflect the general health of a person and their body through their appearance [1]. The color of the nails can signal problems such as infections, insufficient oxygenation of the blood or liver disease. Stripes, spots, irregular shape and structure can be indicative of nutritional deficiencies or dermatological disorders. Inflammation, pain around the nails can indicate infections or broader health problems. In particular, peeling nails can say a lot about our state of health: they could be linked, for example, to vitamin deficiencies or skin disorders, and it is therefore right that they cause frustration and concern. Have you ever noticed nails that look brittle, with thin edges that break easily or with the outer layers that separate? Maybe it is time to take action.

What do flaking nails look like?

Peeling nails can present several visible signs that indicate the problem. First, they often show thin, brittle edges that break easily [2, 3], with an unsightly deformity along the free edge of the nail, commonly called the "step effect". In particularly advanced cases, the outer layer of the nail can separate from the nail bed, resulting in the formation of small cracks or fissures.

At first glance, peeling nails may also appear dull, lacklustre, and feel rougher than normal nails [3]. They may also appear irregular in shape, with weak spots or thin areas, and are therefore more likely to break, especially along the edges or at the free end of the nail.

In some cases, moreover, nails that are flaking may have difficulty growing beyond a certain length due to their fragility.

What causes peeling nails?

Peeling nails can be the result of a variety of causes and factors, ranging from external influences to internal conditions of the body [2, 4]. Understanding these causes is essential to address the problem effectively and prevent continued nail damage.

Among the most common causes of peeling nails we can mention:

Exposure to water and detergents: Frequent hand washing or immersing yourself in water without wearing protective gloves can weaken your nails. Additionally, using harsh chemicals and detergents without proper protection can contribute to brittle nails.
Improper care and bad habits. Excessive filing, using nails as "tools" to open objects or aggressively removing nail polish (for example without acetone) can cause damage to nails: in particular, these behaviors can lead to their flaking and breaking.
Nutritional deficiencies. This is one of the most common causes of weak and unhealthy nails [4]: dehydration or a diet lacking in key nutrients can affect the health and beauty of your nails. Lack of protein, vitamins (such as biotin, also known as vitamin H ), minerals (such as zinc, calcium, selenium, and iron), and essential fatty acids can weaken your nails and cause them to flake.
Pre-existing medical conditions. Certain medical conditions can also affect nail health: for example, hypothyroidism can lead to increased nail dryness and flaking; skin conditions such as psoriasis and eczema can also cause changes in the appearance and structure of nails [3].
Fungal infections. It is not uncommon for weak nails to result from fungal infections, such as onychomycosis [3], which can cause changes in the appearance of the nails, including flaking. In their most severe forms, these infections can weaken the nails and cause them to separate from the nail beds.
Physiological aging. As we age, the production of keratin - the protein that makes up our nails - can decrease, resulting in weakening of the nails.
Overuse or misuse of nail products. Frequent use of nail polish, gels, and chemical treatments can weaken nails over time.
Allergic reactions. Finally, some people may develop allergic reactions to nail products, such as nail polish or glue for artificial nails: the consequence? A strong irritation and structural damage to the nail, which appears weakened and dull.

Peeling Nails: Remedies and Treatments

To treat flaking nails, it is important to adopt a combination of treatments and preventive practices that can help strengthen the nails and implement prevention strategies against further damage [5]. Here is a small decalogue that presents some remedies, advice and treatments to consider:

First of all, regular hydration is recommended: keeping your nails well hydrated is essential for their well-being, so it is a good idea to apply cuticle oil or a nail moisturizer to prevent dryness and brittleness.
You should also wear protective gloves when working with water or chemicals for a long time to prevent damage to your nails. You should also avoid prolonged exposure to hot water.
Reducing the frequent use of nail polish, gels and chemical treatments that can weaken nails is another good tip: give your nails time to rest between applications, to grow naturally and recover their natural appearance.
Caring for your manicure tools: Use clean and well-maintained nail tools, clean scissors, disinfected nail clippers. Avoid over-filing and over-trimming cuticles, as they can act as a protective barrier for your nails.
Avoid, when possible, using nails as tools to open objects.
It is also important to make sure that you eat a diet rich in proteins, vitamins (such as biotin), minerals (such as zinc and iron) and essential fatty acids , as these nutrients contribute to the overall health of your nails and strengthen their enamel.
In some cases, your doctor may recommend taking specific supplements to improve nail health, such as those containing biotin or B vitamins.
There are specific products available on the market to strengthen nails at home, in the practical format of strengthening nail polish or other topical treatments (creams, gels, serums).
If the problem persists despite taking these measures, it is highly recommended to consult a doctor or dermatologist, professionals who can perform specific tests to rule out underlying conditions and offer targeted treatments.
Some beauty centers offer specific treatments to improve the health of your nails, such as oil manicures or keratin treatments.

It is always good to remember that results may vary from person to person and that it may take some time before you notice significant improvements. It is also important to be consistent with treatments and care practices. In general, we recommend that you be wary of products that promise easy solutions with catchy slogans that are not supported by scientific evidence, and carefully analyze the nutritional and health claims [6] that you find on the packaging.

Furthermore, it is very important to pay attention to the choice of cosmetic products that you buy: it is essential to read the indications on the label, which must explicitly declare the intended use of the product, as per the circular of the Ministry of Health [7].

How to Take Care of Flaking Nails Naturally

There are several natural remedies that can be considered to address the problem of weak and flaking nails [8]. Coconut oil, for example, is rich in nutrients that can moisturize and strengthen nails, and applying a small amount to the nails, massaging gently before going to sleep, is a good practice to keep nails healthy. The same can be said of jojoba oil, which can help keep nails moisturized and flexible, especially when combined with lavender oil, which has soothing properties. Another plant-based oil that is useful for nail health is sweet almond oil [2]: rich in vitamins and minerals, it should be massaged into nails and cuticles.

Then there are those who find it useful to make compresses with aloe vera, known for its hydrating and soothing properties: the aloe vera gel should be applied to the nails and left to act for a few minutes before rinsing it off. You can use cotton gloves to make the compresses without fear of getting dirty or spreading oils and gels: this suggestion is particularly suitable if you also try a honey compress [8], very hydrating, to be made by mixing honey with a little lemon juice and olive oil, and to be applied to the nails for 15-20 minutes.

A warm oil bath can also be useful for treating flaking nails: slightly warm up some oil (even ordinary olive oil will do) and immerse your fingers for a few minutes, so as to help soften the cuticles and make the nails more flexible.

Remember, however, that the best natural remedy for flaking nails is a varied and balanced diet, rich in fruits and vegetables, that includes healthy and nutritious foods. Any natural remedy requires time and consistency to show results. If the problem of flaking nails persists or worsens, it is advisable to consult a doctor or dermatologist for a professional evaluation and to obtain specific recommendations.